Lecture note on microprocessor and microcontroller theory. It depends upon the width of internal data bus, registers, alu, etc. The functional components of a cpu are arithmetic logic unit alu, control and timing units, registers are found in a single integrated circuit called ic. A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable, clockdriven, registerbased electronic device that reads binary instructions from a storage device called memory, accepts binary data as input and processes data according to those instructions and provide results as output. Before knowing about the 8085 architecture in detail, lets us briefly discuss about the basic features of 8085 processor 8085 microprocessor is an 8bit microprocessor with a 40 pin dual in line package. In other words, microprocessor isan integrated circuit that contains all the functions of a central processing unit of a computer. It is a binary code tells the computer to perform a specific operation. Tutorial on introduction to 8085 architecture and programming. Intel 8085 microprocessor has the following registers. Simply, it is a vital component of a computer which serves as the storage location that is inside the processor. Registers of 8085 microprocessor a microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable, clockdriven, registerbased electronic device that reads binary instructions from a storage device called memory, accepts binary data as input and processes data according to those instructions. A 16bit binary number is called a word in a 16bit processor. An 8bit microprocessor can process 8bit data at a time.
Apr 06, 20 microprocessor picks up data from one of the registers for doing arithmetic or logical operation. Features of a microprocessor here is a list of some of the most prominent features of any microprocessor. A number of registers are normally included in the microprocessor. Memory segmentation in 8086 microprocessor geeksforgeeks. The microprocessor has multiple data type formats like binary, bcd, ascii, signed and unsigned numbers. Registers the 8085 includes six registers, one accumulator and one flag register, as shown in fig. But the book i read and this website shows many registers. The device enables originalequipment manufacturers oems and originaldesign manufacturers odms. As discussed earlier, 8085 microprocessor was introduced by intel in the year 1976. The 8085 has six generalpurpose registers to store 8bit data. A 32 bit register known as an extended register, is represented by the register name with prefix e.
It is an intel microprocessor and also a 16 bit microprocessor. Let us discuss the architecture of 8085 microprocessor in detail. The 80386 has eight 32 bit general purpose registers which may be used as either 8 bit or 16 bit registers. Read here to know about how the microprocessors have evolved over time. It is made up on a single largescale integration chip using intels nchannel silicon gate mos process. In computer architecture, registers are typically addressed by mechanisms other than main memory, but may in some cases be assigned. It is a silicon chip that comprises millions of transistors and other electronic components that process millions of instructions per second. It is an array of processor register in a cpu it can be implemented using sram with multiple ports such rams are distinguished by having dedicated read and write ports, whereas ordinary multiported srams will. A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable, clockdriven, registerbased electronic device that reads binary instructions. The main characteristics of 8086 microprocessor are as follows.
The first four registers are sometimes referred to as data registers. A word refers to the basic data size or bit size that can be processed by the arithmetic and logic unit of the processor. Once the operation is over, it stores the result in a register. Registers used in 8085 microprocessor student study hub. Copy it in d register for bubble sort n1 times required 4. The microprocessor 8080 consists of 40 pins and it microprocessor transfers internal information and data through.
A processor with longer word length is more powerful and can process data at a faster speed as compared to processor with shorter word length. An 8bit microprocessor can process 8 bit data at a time. The 80858080a has six generalpurpose registers to store 8bit data. Unlike 8085, the 8086 addresses a segmented memory.
Microprocessor and interfacing pdf notes mpi notes pdf. The basic units or blocks of a microprocessor are alu, an array of registers and control unit. Microprocessor a cpu built into a single chip is called microprocessor. Similarly the resultant data will be loaded from registers to memory. Microprocessor designregister file wikibooks, open books for an.
Every cycle the cpu reads values from 2 registers in the register file to prepare for operating on them as directed by one instruction, and simultaneously the cpu writes the results from some previous instruction into some other register in the register file. Know about architecture of the intel 8080 microprocessor. Among of the some mostly used registers named as ac or accumulator, data register or dr, the ar or address register, program counter pc, memory. Central processing unit cpu is carved on a single chip is called a microprocessor.
This 16bit register deals with sequencing the execution of instructions. Also know about registers,arithmetic and logic units and various other units which help the microprocessor to perform an operation. It includes the alu, register arrays and control circuit on a single chip. The microprocessor chips are available at low prices and results its low cost. It contains arithmetic and logic unit alu, instruction decode and control unit, instruction register, program counter pc, clock circuit internal or external, reset circuit internal or external and registers. Registers of 8085 microprocessor a microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable, clockdriven, registerbased electronic device that reads binary instructions from a storage device called memory, accepts binary data as input and processes data a. A processor register is a quickly accessible location available to a computers central processing unit cpu. Among of the some mostly used registers named as ac or accumulator, data register or dr, the ar or address register, program counter pc, memory data register mdr, index register, memory buffer register. In a large computer the number of registers is more and hence the program requires less transfer of data to and from the memory.
The microprocessor is one of most known subject is computer engineering branch. The complete 1 megabyte memory is divided into 16 logical segments. Now i am studying computer architecture course in which i read that 8086 has 8 registers only. When the microprocessor executes the rst instruction received from the device, it saves the address of the next instruction on the stack and jumps to the appropriate entry in the ivt. The number of address lines in 8086 is 20, 8086 biu will send 20bit address, so as to access one of the 1mb memory locations. There are four segment registers such as code segment register cs, data segment register ds, extra segment register es and stack segment register ss. Introduction of registers of 8086 microprocessor youtube. On these lines the cpu sends out the address of the memory location that is to be written to or read from. A microprocessor is a versatile chip, that is combined with memory and specialpurpose chips and preprogrammed by a software.
Evolution of microprocessor types and applications. Microprocessor and interfacing notes pdf mpi pdf notes book starts with the topics vector interrupt table, timing diagram, interrupt structure of 8086. The register file is the component that contains all the general purpose registers of the microprocessor. In small computers the number of registers is small due to the limited size of the chip. Code segment cs is a 16bit register containing address of 64 kb segment with processor instructions. Not all microprocessors have the same set of registers, but all of them have one or more. It means that its alu, internal register and most of the instructions are designed so that these can work on the 16 bit memory word. A microprocessor is designed to perform arithmetic and logic operations that make use of small numberholding areas called registers.
The microprocessor is nothing but the cpu and it is an essential component of the computer. An 8080 microprocessor is an 8bit parallel cpu, and this microprocessor is used in general purpose digital computer systems. Microprocessors evolution explained from intels 8085, 8086 to pentium quad core processors. The number of bits that can be stored in a register or memory element is called a memory word. An operation is part of an instruction stored in computer memory. Registers used in 8085 microprocessor and their details. Pdf multiple choice questions on 8086 microprocessor. Register array consists of registers identified by letters like b, c, d, e, h, l and accumulator. The accumulator is the main register concerned with. Intel 80868088 microprocessor it is an intel microprocessor and also a 16 bit microprocessor. Know about the basic microprocessor history and its block diagram. A few cpus also place special registers such as the pc. A binary digit is called a bit which comes from b inary dig it.
The function of the program counter is to point to the memory. The word length of micromputer or microprocessor is given as nbit where, n 4, 8, 16, 32 or 64. The number of bits in a microprocessor s word, is a measure of its. The 80858080aprogramming model includes six registers, one accumulator, and one flag register. The address bus consists of 16, 20, 24, or more parallel signal lines. Intel 8086 is built on a single semiconductor chip and packaged in a 40pin ic package.
It has multiplexed address and data bus ad0 ad15 and a16 a19. Architecture, programming and interfacing introduction to the microprocessor and computer outline of the lecture evolution of programming languages. The word length ranges from 4 bits to 64 bits depending upon the type of the microcomputer. Basic concepts of microprocessors differences between. The 80858080a programming model includes six registers, one accumulator, and one flag register. I took computer architecture course and i understood that processor has 32 registers each of 32 bit.
Registers alu cu clock address bus data bus, io bus. The microprocessor recognizes and processes a group of bits together. Jan, 2018 description of general data registers,segment registers and pointers and index registers of intel 8086 microprocessor and brief introduction of flags. Components for microprocessor programming ice incircuit emulator flash emulation tool fet jtag spybiwire 2wire jtag bootloader rewrite flash via rs232 password protected ide integrated development environment editor, compiler, debugger libraries for each microprocessor. Generally segment register is used to store the upper. This microprocessor is an update of 8080 microprocessor. This is the area of the microprocessor which consists of various registers. The control unit controls the flow of data and instructions within the. Intel 8086 microprocessor is the enhanced version of intel 8085 microprocessor. Here you can download the free lecture notes of microprocessor and interfacing pdf notes mpi notes pdf materials with multiple file links to download. A 32 bit register corresponding to ax is eax, similarly bx is ebx etc. Registers the 80858080aprogramming model includes six registers, one accumulator, and one flag register, as shown in figure. Register are used to quickly accept, store, and transfer data and instructions that are being used immediately by the cpu, there are various types of registers those are used for various purpose. The function of the program counter is to point to the memory address from which the next byte is to be fetched.
These are used for temporary storage of data, instructions and. The microprocessor is a multipurpose, clock driven, register based, digital integrated circuit that accepts binary data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory and provides results also in. Where the hmos is used for highspeed metal oxide semiconductor. Lecture note on microprocessor and microcontroller theory vssut. Architecture of 8086 microprocessor registers functions. The four segment registers actually contain the upper 16 bits of the starting addresses of the four memory segments of 64 kb each with which the 8086 is working at that instant of time. The 8085 includes six registers, one accumulator and one flag register, as shown in fig. Eight of the registers are known as general purpose registers i. Registers usually consist of a small amount of fast storage, although some registers have specific hardware functions, and may be readonly or writeonly. Block diagram block diagram of intel 8086 microprocessor. Description of general data registers,segment registers and pointers and index registers of intel 8086 microprocessor and brief introduction of flags. The ebook has complete chapters on microprocessor and it. The address and data bus are multiplexed in this processor which helps in providing more control signals.
The number of bits in a register depends on the type and address of the data. Many people choose to use a 3port register file for their pipelined microprocessor so it can execute such an alu instructions every cycle. These registers are primarily used to store data temporarily during the execution of a program. A microprocessor is a computer processor that incorporates the functions of a central processing unit on a single or more integrated circuit ic of mosfet construction. Microprocessor designregister file wikibooks, open books. Register files the register file is the component that contains all the general purpose registers of the microprocessor. The microprocessor uses this register to sequence the execution of the instructions.
The processor uses cs segment for all accesses to instructions referenced by instruction pointer ip register. The 8086 microprocessor is a16bit, nchannel, hmos microprocessor. If they are out of order, exchange the contents of a register and memory 7. The word length ranges from 4 bits for small microprocessor. A processor register cpu register is one of a small set of data holding places that are part of the computer processor. To perform a function or useful task we have to form a system by using microprocessor. At this point we must recognize the relationship between a computer operation and a micro operation. Interview questions on microprocessor with detailed answers. Lecture note on microprocessor and microcontroller theory and.
392 1481 266 1470 541 572 320 196 986 300 25 1314 710 824 657 1537 705 286 1244 852 892 1014 1313 44 1095 995 722 821 1198 1162 1108 111 371 823 1327 357 236 945 252 501 570 1357 328 326 866 906